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Brain & sleep · Compound guide
Explore the mechanisms, study findings and evidence limits behind this research topic.
Product artwork identifies the SRP listing. It does not demonstrate safety or clinical benefit. The evidence guide and its sources follow below.
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Pinealon is a synthetic tripeptide printed in opened Khavinson-group papers as Glu-Asp-Arg (EDR) (opened PMID 21978084 prints “pinealon (Glu-Asp-Arg)”; opened PMID 35887081 Table 2 prints “Pinealon (EDR)”). It is positioned as a short peptide bioregulator associated with neuronal / oxidative-stress and gene-expression research. English-language independently replicated evidence is limited. ClinicalTrials.gov returned 0 Pinealon studies. It is not Vesugen, not Livagen, not Pancragen, not Epitalon, and not an FDA-approved drug on any opened registry. Research use only. Not medical advice. Not for human use.
Educational information only. This page describes a short peptide bioregulator sold as a laboratory research material. It is not medical advice. Simple Research Peptides (SRP) materials are for laboratory research only and are not for human or veterinary use, consumption, administration, diagnosis, treatment, or therapeutic application. Sequence Glu-Asp-Arg / EDR is taken from opened papers that print the trade name Pinealon, plus PubChem CID 10273502 titled Glu-Asp-Arg (depositor synonym pinealon). SRP product-page aliases are vendor language, not a public COA. No human dosing, reconstitution, or administration protocol appears on this page. The product-page vendor dosage chart is not reproduced here.
SRP product page prints the marketplace aliases “Glu-Asp-Arg (EDR Peptide).” That is vendor language, not an independent certificate of analysis. Sequence below is taken from opened primary papers that print the trade name Pinealon next to Glu-Asp-Arg / EDR, plus opened PubChem (title Glu-Asp-Arg; depositor synonym pinealon) and opened ChEBI (name Glu-Asp-Arg; synonym pinealon).
One-sentence identity: Pinealon is a synthetic tripeptide printed as Glu-Asp-Arg (EDR), associated with neuronal / oxidative-stress and gene-expression research. Independently replicated English-language evidence is limited. ClinicalTrials.gov returned 0 Pinealon studies. It is not Vesugen, not Livagen, not Pancragen, not Epitalon, and not an FDA-approved drug.
| Identifier | Value on opened page | Source opened |
|---|---|---|
| Trade name on SRP | Pinealon (10 mg Vial) | SRP product page |
| SRP listed strength / format | Page title and H1: 10 mg Vial. Subhead: Pinealon (10 mg / 3 mL Vial). Body: 10 mg lyophilized research compound in a 3 mL research vial | SRP product page |
| SRP store category | Longevity / Bioregulator Research | SRP product page (store taxonomy, not a clinical indication) |
| SRP index / evidence tag | Cognitive listing Pinealon (10 mg Vial); Evidence profile; Preclinical/small human literature | SRP compound-research-guides index |
| Dedicated guide URL | HTTP 404 on 16 August 2026 | /research-compound-directory/pinealon-research-guide/ |
| Sequence printed with the name Pinealon | Glu-Asp-Arg (one-letter EDR) | Khavinson 2011 PMID 21978084; Arutjunyan 2012 PMID 22567179; Khavinson 2022 Table 2 PMID 35887081 |
| PubChem CID | 10273502. Title Glu-Asp-Arg. C15H26N6O8. MW 418.40. Exact mass 418.18121181. InChIKey QPRZKNOOOBWXSU-CIUDSAMLSA-N | CID 10273502 |
| PubChem name pinealon | Resolves to CID 10273502 | PubChem PUG, opened 16 August 2026 |
| PubChem depositor synonyms | Glu-Asp-Arg; glutamyl-aspartyl-arginine; CHEBI:156374; L-Glutamyl-L-aspartyl-L-arginine; pinealon; 175175-23-2; Pinealon acetate salt form; H-Glu-Asp-Arg-OH; E-D-R; DTXSID601359159 | Acetate-salt string is not a COA for the SRP lot |
| Sequence / HELM | EDR; H-Glu-Asp-Arg-OH; H-EDR-OH; PEPTIDE1{E.D.R} | PubChem HTML biologic |
| IUPAC (PubChem computed) | (4S)-4-amino-5-[[(2S)-3-carboxy-1-[[(1S)-1-carboxy-4-(diaminomethylideneamino)butyl]amino]-1-oxopropan-2-yl]amino]-5-oxopentanoic acid | PubChem PUG |
| UNII / NCATS / IUPHAR / openFDA | Not found / no substance / no ligand / HTTP 404 | Opened 16 August 2026 |
| ClinicalTrials.gov | 0 studies for pinealon | CT.gov API v2 |
Pinealon (this page) is the tripeptide Glu-Asp-Arg (EDR) on opened papers that print the trade name, and on opened PMID 35887081 Table 2. That catalog is a research-network taxonomy, not a receptor-class assignment.
| Opened page | What it printed | Why it is not interchangeable |
|---|---|---|
| Khavinson et al. 2011 PMID 21978084 | pinealon (Glu-Asp-Arg) on cerebellar granule cells, neutrophils, PC12; ROS / necrosis / ERK 1/2 / cell cycle | Defining trade-name + sequence paper |
| Voicekhovskaya et al. 2012 PMID 22803085 | T-32 EDA, T-33 EDR, T-34 EDG, T-36 EDP, T-38 KED | Five tripeptides in one skin-explant design |
| Khavinson et al. 2021 PMID 34071923 | KED and EDR in 5xFAD mice | Co-tested, not the same molecule |
| Meshchaninov et al. 2015 PMID 26390612 | Vesugen and Pinealon in 32 people | Two named preparations |
| Khavinson et al. 2022 Table 2 PMID 35887081 | Pinealon (EDR), ICM −30.29, labeled Neuroprotector; separate rows for Vesugen (KED, −18.91), Livagen (KEDA, −22.01), Pancragen (KEDW-NH2, −23.47), Prostomax (KEDP, −13.58), Epitalon (AEDG, −20.38), Chonluten (EDG, −30.30) | Same table, different sequences |
| Fedoreyeva et al. 2011 PMID 22117547 | FITC-labeled epithalon, pinealon, and testagen enter HeLa nuclei | Three named peptides |
| Kozina 2008 PMID 18546825 | vilon, epitalon, vesugen, pinealon; pinealon most pronounced antihypoxic effect in that panel | Shared panel, not identity collapse |
What this is not, chemically.
Pinealon is the synthetic tripeptide Glu-Asp-Arg. Opened papers from the St. Petersburg Institute of Bioregulation and Gerontology and collaborators report four clusters of laboratory observations:
Restriction of ROS accumulation and necrotic death in cerebellar granule cells, neutrophils, and PC12 cells, with delayed ERK 1/2 activation and cell-cycle modification (Khavinson 2011, PMID 21978084); prenatal-hyperhomocysteinemia rat-offspring work (Arutjunyan 2012, PMID 22567179, PMC3342713); hypobaric-hypoxia and carotid-occlusion rodent panels (PMID 18546825; PMID 21809624; PMID 25051764; PMID 28509493; PMID 28976148).
FITC-labeled pinealon entered HeLa cytoplasm, nucleus, and nucleolus (Fedoreyeva 2011, PMID 22117547); later spectral / NMR / MD work on EDR-DNA with Mg2+ (Silanteva 2019, PMID 30762356); promoter-docking language for EDR (PMID 34071923; review PMID 33396470).
Trade name Pinealon often not printed. 5xFAD dendritic-spine study (PMID 34071923); LAT1 table row Pinealon (EDR), ICM -30.29 (PMID 35887081); later induced-neuron papers that co-test EDR with KED and AEDG (PMID 39518916).
Meshchaninov et al. 2015 (PMID 26390612): 32 people aged 41-83 with polymorbidity and organic brain syndrome in remission received named Pinealon and Vesugen preparations. Bashkireva 2012 (PMID 23734521) is an occupational-medicine series that names pinealon and vezugen; not an NCT. Umnov 2013 (PMID 24738258) is a review, not a new trial.
Europe PMC REST query=pinealon returned hitCount 29 on 16 August 2026. Almost all originate from the Khavinson network. Independent Western replication of a receptor-level mechanism was not located. A well-validated receptor target is not established on any opened page.
The SRP index card (August 2026) already states this correctly: short peptide commonly described as Glu-Asp-Arg; a definitive receptor and full pharmacology are not established; most publications are preclinical or small and concentrated within a limited research network; large independent randomized trials are lacking; verify the three-amino-acid sequence.
Opened SRP product (16 August 2026): http://simpleresearchpeptides.com/product/pinealon-10-mg/ and http://simpleresearchpeptides.com/product/pinealon/. Dedicated pinealon-research-guide URL returned HTTP 404. Vendor dosage / reconstitution / injection copy on the product page is not reproduced here.
No opened paper establishes a classical receptor agonist/antagonist assignment for Pinealon.
ROS / viability. Opened PMID 21978084: pinealon (Glu-Asp-Arg) demonstrates dose-dependent restriction of ROS accumulation in cerebellar granule cells, neutrophils, and PC12 cells and decreases necrotic cell death measured by the propidium iodide test, with delayed ERK 1/2 activation and cell-cycle modification. Authors conclude that besides known antioxidant activity, pinealon is able to interact directly with the cell genome. That last sentence is the authors interpretation, not a crystal structure.
DNA / nuclear. PMID 22117547: FITC-pinealon produced fluorescence in HeLa cytoplasm, nucleus, and nucleolus; Stern-Volmer constants differed by oligonucleotide sequence; authors report preferential binding language for CNG / CAG-containing sequences. PMID 30762356: EDR can partly penetrate into the major groove of DNA and affect the base atoms, mainly the N7 and O6 of guanine; Mg2+ can promote DNA-EDR interaction. These are biophysical / cell-imaging results, not a validated receptor.
Docking. PMID 34071923: EDR docking to hexanucleotide DNA; authors list EDR binding-site language for CASP3, NES, GAP43, APOE, SOD2, PPARA, PPARG, GDX1 promoters. PMID 33396470 is a review that restates MAPK/ERK, caspase-3, p53, SOD2, GPX1, PPAR, serotonin, and calmodulin as proposed components. PMID 35887081 Table 2: Pinealon (EDR), ICM -30.29, labeled Neuroprotector. Docking / review, not a measured PEPT/LAT flux for Pinealon.
Hypoxia / aging rodent. PMID 18546825: among vilon, epitalon, vesugen, and pinealon, pinealon had the most pronounced antihypoxic effect in hypobaric hypoxia. PMID 21809624 and PMID 28976148: Pinealon vs Cortexin on behavior and caspase-3 after carotid occlusion or in Morris-maze learning. PMID 25051764 and PMID 28509493: Pinealon vs Cortexin on cytokines / caspase-3 / hypoxia-hypothermia in old rats. These are rodent model signals.
Not shown in a paper opened here: a registered ClinicalTrials.gov or WHO-ICTRP trial for Pinealon (NCT: none); a peer-reviewed randomized, placebo-controlled human efficacy trial; human pharmacokinetics; a modern receptor-panel Ki table or crystal structure; independent Western-laboratory replication of the ROS / nuclear-entry findings; FDA, EMA, or NCATS approval / UNII.
Do not treat as Pinealon evidence: Vesugen/KED-only endothelial papers; Livagen/KEDA liver papers; Epitalon telomerase papers; Cortexin-only extract papers; vendor blogs that assign a clinical indication; the SRP product-page educational dosage protocol.
PMID 21978084 cerebellar granule / PC12 / neutrophil models. Author genome-interaction sentence is interpretation.
PMID 22117547; PMID 30762356. Not a validated receptor.
Regional human series PMID 26390612 and PMID 23734521 are not registry trials.
Organized by experimental question rather than consumer benefit claims. Pinealon != Vesugen != Livagen != Pancragen != Epitalon. Review and docking language is not a completed therapeutic program.
Cerebellar granule cells, neutrophils, PC12; ROS, necrosis, ERK 1/2, cell cycle (PMID 21978084). Prenatal hyperhomocysteinemia offspring (PMID 22567179).
HeLa nuclear fluorescence and oligonucleotide quenching (PMID 22117547); EDR-DNA major-groove / Mg2+ work (PMID 30762356).
Hypobaric hypoxia; carotid occlusion; Morris maze (PMID 18546825; PMID 21809624; PMID 25051764; PMID 28509493; PMID 28976148).
5xFAD dendritic spines; later fibroblast-derived induced neurons (PMID 34071923; PMID 39518916). Distinguish EDR from co-tested KED / AEDG.
Pinealon (EDR), ICM -30.29 (PMID 35887081). Computational only.
Reproducibility, independent validation, pharmacology, toxicology, and the gap between regional bioregulator literature and controlled human evidence.
A transparent view of what the research record can — and cannot — support.
| Evidence tier | Current signal | Translation confidence | Status |
|---|---|---|---|
| Animal models | Prenatal hyperhomocysteinemia offspring; hypoxia / carotid-occlusion / Morris-maze aged-rat panels; one opened 5xFAD mouse paper (EDR +/- KED) | Useful for hypothesis generation | LIMITED |
| Cell / explant studies | Cerebellar granule / PC12 / neutrophil ROS-viability; HeLa nuclear entry; skin explant T-33; induced-neuron panels | Mechanistic, model dependent, geographically concentrated | EMERGING / SPARSE |
| In-silico / biophysical docking | EDR-DNA major groove; AD-gene promoters; LAT1 table ICM -30.29 | Computational / biophysical | HYPOTHESIS |
| Human evidence | Opened n=32 regional observation (PMID 26390612); occupational-medicine series naming pinealon + vezugen (PMID 23734521); review sentences about elderly memory (PMID 33396470) that cite prior work not opened as RCTs | Cannot establish clinical use | LIMITED / SPARSE |
| Regulatory review | NCATS 0; openFDA 404; IUPHAR 404; UNII none; NCT 0 | Not FDA-approved | INVESTIGATIONAL |
Kozina papers name pinealon among vesugen, vilon, and epitalon. No direct antioxidant activity; restricted lipoprotein peroxidation by structural modification; RBC membrane stabilization; pinealon strongest in hypobaric hypoxia (PMID 18546826; PMID 18546825).
Khavinson 2011: pinealon (Glu-Asp-Arg) ROS / necrosis / ERK (PMID 21978084). Fedoreyeva 2011: nuclear entry (PMID 22117547). Arutjunyan 2012: prenatal hyperhomocysteinemia offspring (PMID 22567179). Voicekhovskaya 2012: T-33 (Glu-Asp-Arg) in rat skin explants (PMID 22803085). Khavinson 2011: Glu-Asp-Arg among pineal signaling-molecule peptides (PMID 22803060).
Carotid-occlusion and Morris-maze papers vs Cortexin (PMID 21809624; PMID 28976148). Cytokine / caspase-3 hypoxia papers (PMID 25051764; PMID 28509493). Meshchaninov 2015 n=32 named Pinealon and Vesugen (PMID 26390612). Bashkireva 2012 occupational series (PMID 23734521). Umnov 2013 review (PMID 24738258).
Silanteva 2019: EDR-DNA ions (PMID 30762356). Khavinson 2020 EDR review (PMID 33396470). Khavinson 2021: 5xFAD mouse + DNA docking (PMID 34071923).
Khavinson 2022 transport review Table 2: Pinealon (EDR), ICM -30.29 (PMID 35887081). Kraskovskaya 2024: EDR among KED / AEDG in induced neurons (PMID 39518916).
Independent replication, standardized characterization, pharmacokinetics, toxicology, and controlled human data remain major evidence gaps. SRP index tag remains Preclinical/small human literature.
Inclusion does not imply clinical validation. Only records opened for the locked draft are listed. Printed animal or culture amounts are study conditions, not instructions for an SRP 10 mg research vial. No human dosing protocol appears here.
Trade name + sequence printed. Cerebellar granule cells, neutrophils, PC12; ERK 1/2; cell cycle. PMID 21978084. DOI 10.1089/rej.2011.1172.
Open-access. Pinealon (Glu-Asp-Arg). PMID 22567179. PMC3342713.
Pinealon named next to epithalon and testagen. PMID 22117547.
Sequence printed as Glu-Asp-Arg (EDR). Trade name Pinealon not required by this abstract. PMID 30762356.
Open-access. EDR docking list; KED also tested. Erratum noted on the opened record. PMID 34071923 . PMC8227791.
Table 2: Pinealon (EDR), ICM-score -30.29, labeled Neuroprotector. Not an uptake assay. PMID 35887081 . PMC9323678.
Not an NCT. PMID 26390612.
Methodology-centered guidance for lawful laboratory research. The SRP product page contains a vendor dosage chart, reconstitution arithmetic, syringe-unit table, and injection-technique copy. That vendor protocol is not reproduced here and is not independent chemistry.
Simple Research Peptides (SRP) materials are for laboratory research only and are not for human or veterinary use, consumption, administration, diagnosis, treatment, or therapeutic application. Research use only. Not medical advice. Not for human use.
No. Pinealon is investigational and is not an FDA-approved drug for human treatment. Opened NCATS, openFDA, and IUPHAR queries returned no substance/ligand/label. UNII: none. NCT: none.
Preclinical / small human literature. Opened literature is mainly neuronal cell and hypoxia-rodent work, biophysical DNA interaction, in-silico docking, one 5xFAD mouse paper that uses the sequence name EDR, and small regional human observations. Almost all records sit in the Khavinson / St. Petersburg network. Controlled human evidence is insufficient to establish safety or effectiveness.
Yes, on opened papers that print the trade name next to that sequence (PMID 21978084; PMID 22567179; PMID 35887081 Table 2) and on papers that print T-33 (Glu-Asp-Arg) (PMID 22803085). CID 10273502 is the matching L-tripeptide (title Glu-Asp-Arg; synonym pinealon). SRP product page prints the same aliases as vendor language. Confirm the vial by sequence and assay.
Different sequences on opened pages: Vesugen KED; Livagen KEDA; Pancragen KEDW; Epitalon AEDG. PMID 35887081 Table 2 prints them as separate rows. PMID 34071923 and PMID 26390612 test or name Pinealon/EDR and Vesugen/KED as distinct materials.
No opened registered trial. ClinicalTrials.gov API v2 query.term=pinealon returned totalCount: 0.
No. Animal and cell models are valuable for generating and testing hypotheses, but species differences, experimental conditions, exposure, and study quality limit direct translation.
This guide explains the evidence and its limitations. The product page provides batch, purchasing, and research-material information, plus vendor protocol language that this educational page does not repeat. A research product is not an approved medicine.
No. SRP listings are for laboratory research only and are not for human or animal use. This page does not provide reconstitution, administration, or dosing instructions.
Only IDs that appeared on a page opened for this draft. Do not add others. NCT: none.
query.term=pinealon empty studies array (opened 16 August 2026). NCT: none.pinealon total 0. openFDA pinealon HTTP 404. IUPHAR pinealon HTTP 404.Allowed PMID list used on this page. Trade name Pinealon printed: 21978084, 22567179, 22117547, 21809624, 28976148, 25051764, 28509493, 26390612, 23734521, 24738258, 18546825, 18546826, 35887081. Sequence EDR / Glu-Asp-Arg / T-33 (trade name not always printed): 34071923, 33396470, 30762356, 22803085, 22803060, 24909721, 39518916. Opened PMC: PMC3342713, PMC8227791, PMC9323678, PMC7795577, PMC11546785. Registry: CID 10273502; InChIKey QPRZKNOOOBWXSU-CIUDSAMLSA-N; CAS 175175-23-2 (PubChem HTML EPA DSSTox + synonym); ChEBI 156374; DTXSID601359159. UNII: none. NCT: none.
Opened and not used as Pinealon-specific efficacy: Europe PMC pinealon-list titles 10.21203/rs.3.rs-9682683/v1 and 10.64898/2026.02.25.707674 (2026 longevity-assay preprints; titles do not print a Pinealon experiment); PMID 33876788 (Jiuzao protein hydrolysate; lexical EDR collision risk, unused); PMID 41490200 (2026 orthopaedics peptide review, unused as a Pinealon experiment); PMID 32019204 (Epitalon AEDG neurogenesis paper, unused as Pinealon primary).
Educational information only. Pinealon is a synthetic tripeptide printed as Glu-Asp-Arg (EDR). CID 10273502 is titled Glu-Asp-Arg; pinealon is a depositor synonym. CAS 175175-23-2 is the PubChem EPA DSSTox / synonym string, not a separately opened Common Chemistry record. It is not Vesugen, not Livagen, not Pancragen, not Epitalon, and not an FDA-approved drug. Evidence is preclinical / small human literature: one research network; 0 NCT; UNII not found. Laboratory research use only; not for human or animal use. Not medical advice. Not for human use. No human dosing protocol. Last source review: 16 August 2026 (America/Indianapolis). For laboratory research only. Not for human or veterinary use.
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